Soul Mate Indicators
Soul Mate Indicators
Soul Mate Indicators
Category: Sign Combinations in Love & Relationships (All Traditions)
Summary: Astrological signatures of deep bonding.
Keywords: soul, bonding, indicators, mate, signatures, deep, astrological
1. Introduction
Across astrological traditions, “soul mate indicators” denote signatures that symbolize deep bonding, durable affection, or a shared sense of destiny. While astrology is a symbolic language rather than laboratory science, established systems—Hellenistic, Medieval and Renaissance, Vedic Jyotish, Chinese Four Pillars, and contemporary psychological schools—developed repeatable methods to assess attraction, compatibility, and resilience. In practice, astrologers examine chart-to-chart contact (Synastry), merged charts (Composite Chart and Davison Chart), timing sequences, and symbolic factors such as the Lunar Nodes, Venus, Mars, angles, houses, and fixed stars to evaluate relationship potential (Lilly, 1647; Ptolemy, trans. Robbins, 1940; Hand, 1975; Davison, 1977).
Historically, classical authors described partnership significators through sect, rulers, houses, receptions, and lots (Ptolemy, Tetrabiblos; Dorotheus, trans. Pingree, 1976; Valens, trans. Riley, 2010). Medieval and Renaissance astrologers expanded these techniques, emphasizing dignities, receptions, and horary methods (Abu Ma’shar, trans. Burnett & Yamamoto, 1998; Lilly, 1647). In India, the Kuta/Guna Milan system scored nuptial compatibility through lunar sign and nakshatra criteria, alongside Mars affliction checks (Ashta Koota) and Mangal Dosha assessments (Ashta Koota, n.d.). In China, BaZi (Four Pillars) evaluates pair dynamics via heavenly stems, earthly branches, five-element balance, and luck cycles (Four Pillars of Destiny, n.d.).
Key concepts previewed here include: major synastry aspects (conjunction, trine, square, opposition, sextile) between personal and interpersonal planets; house overlays to the 1st, 5th, 7th, and 8th houses; nodal interlinks (Node/Vertex/Angle); composite and Davison patterns; dignities and receptions; and timing through transits, profections, and progressions (Ptolemy, trans. Robbins, 1940; Lilly, 1647; Hand, 1975; Davison, 1977). Examples are illustrative only; every chart requires whole-chart judgment and cannot be reduced to single factors.
Graph connections for this topic include rulership networks (e.g., Mars rules Aries and Scorpio; exalted in Capricorn), aspect families, angular houses, and fixed-star ties such as Regulus (Robson, 1923; Ptolemy, trans. Robbins, 1940). Topic modeling (BERTopic) typically clusters this subject with “Synastry & Composite Techniques,” “Essential Dignities,” and “Timing Methods.” Cross-references include Aspects, Houses, Essential Dignities & Debilities, Venus, Mars, Saturn, Jupiter, Lunar Nodes, Fixed Stars & Stellar Astrology, Composite Chart, and Davison Chart.
- Ptolemy, Tetrabiblos (Loeb translation): https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Ptolemy/Tetrabiblos/home.html (Ptolemy, trans. Robbins, 1940)
- William Lilly, Christian Astrology (Book I–III): https://www.skyscript.co.uk/CA.html (Lilly, 1647)
- Robert Hand, Planets in Composite (Hand, 1975)
- Ronald C. Davison, Synastry (Davison, 1977)
- Ashta Koota overview: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kundali_matching (Ashta Koota, n.d.)
- Four Pillars overview: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Pillars_of_Destiny (Four Pillars of Destiny, n.d.)
- Fixed star Regulus: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulus (Robson, 1923; overview)
2. Foundation
Basic principles. In synastry, astrologers compare two natal charts to identify how planetary placements interact through aspects and house overlays, emphasizing personal planets (Sun, Moon, Mercury, Venus, Mars), relationship houses (1st, 5th, 7th, 8th), and angular contacts to the Ascendant/Descendant and Midheaven/Imum Coeli (Houses). Classical doctrine weighs essential dignities (domicile, exaltation, detriment, fall), reception, and sect to judge planetary condition (Ptolemy, trans. Robbins, 1940; Lilly, 1647). For example, “Mars rules Aries and Scorpio, is exalted in Capricorn,” linking martial heat to fire signs and ambition to Saturn’s earth sign in traditional dignity schemes (Ptolemy, trans. Robbins, 1940). Such frameworks support interpretation of attraction and compatibility when Mars or Venus is involved (Essential Dignities & Debilities).
Core concepts. “Soul mate indicators” commonly reference: tight conjunctions/oppositions between luminaries and angles; Venus–Mars contacts (desire); Moon–Moon or Moon–Venus links (affection, caregiving); Saturn ties (endurance, karmic lessons); nodal interlinks (shared path); and composite/Davison configurations that spotlight the 1st/7th axis, Sun–Moon cohesion, or protective trines from Jupiter and Saturn (Hand, 1975; Davison, 1977). In some traditions, fixed stars—such as Regulus at the heart of Leo—are considered when tightly conjoined to relationship points, suggesting regal or fated motifs (Robson, 1923).
Fundamental understanding. Traditional texts such as Ptolemy’s Tetrabiblos and Lilly’s Christian Astrology offer structured methods for relationship judgment via house rulers, receptions, and lots/parts, especially the Lot of Marriage, relevant in both natal and horary contexts (Ptolemy, trans. Robbins, 1940; Lilly, 1647). Medieval synthesis by Abu Ma’shar integrates planetary condition and time-lord principles, undergirding many later techniques (Abu Ma’shar, trans. Burnett & Yamamoto, 1998). Vedic Guna Milan tallies up to 36 points based largely on the Moon’s nakshatra and rashi for wedding suitability, while Mangal Dosha evaluates Mars’ placement for potential friction (Ashta Koota, n.d.). Chinese BaZi analyzes yin–yang, five-element balance, and the interplay of pillars (year, month, day, hour) to assess compatibility and the timing of harmony through luck cycles (Four Pillars of Destiny, n.d.).
Historical context. Hellenistic practice emphasized planets that “testify” to the 7th house and its ruler, receptions between significators, and lots indicative of union (Ptolemy, trans. Robbins, 1940; Valens, trans. Riley, 2010). The Renaissance enriched horary approaches that directly answer relational questions through significators and aspectual perfection (Lilly, 1647). Twentieth-century developments introduced composite and Davison charts to represent the “third entity” of the relationship, a modern conceptualization now widely used alongside synastry (Hand, 1975; Davison, 1977). Across traditions, the constant is clear: techniques differ, but the goal is to discern structures of attraction, compatibility, timing, and endurance through coherent symbolic systems.
3. Core Concepts
Primary meanings. Soul mate indicators in Western synastry typically involve:
- Sun–Moon contacts: felt as complementarity and life-rhythm resonance.
- Venus–Mars aspects: magnetism and sexual bonding; the form depends on aspect (sextile/trine easy flow; square/opposition dynamic tension) (Aspects).
- Saturn aspects to personal planets or angles: stability, duty, or karmic commitment; harsh contacts can feel weighty but enduring (Lilly, 1647).
- Nodal contacts (especially conjunctions/oppositions): narrative of shared path or past-life symbolism in evolutionary frameworks (Forrest, 2007; Greene, 1984).
- Angle activations: partner planets conjunct the Ascendant/Descendant or MC/IC highlight presence and public/private alignment.
Key associations. Traditional rulership networks contextualize attraction patterns. For example, Mars rules Aries and Scorpio and is exalted in Capricorn (Ptolemy, trans. Robbins, 1940), so Mars contacts may emphasize choleric initiative or strategic ambition. Venus rules Taurus and Libra and is exalted in Pisces, often associating synastry Venus links with sensuality, harmony, and idealization (Ptolemy, trans. Robbins, 1940). Jupiter (domicile Sagittarius/Pisces, traditional) promises growth and goodwill, while Saturn (domicile Capricorn/Aquarius, traditional; exalted in Libra) promotes structure and mutual responsibility (Ptolemy, trans. Robbins, 1940). These dignity frameworks ground interpretations of “why” certain planetary combinations feel stabilizing or challenging (Essential Dignities & Debilities).
Essential characteristics. House overlays orient experience: planets falling in a partner’s 1st house affect identity; 5th house romance and creativity; 7th house partnership dynamics; and 8th house intimacy and shared resources (Houses). Favorable inter-aspects to benefics (Jupiter, Venus) in these houses often correlate with ease and generosity, whereas challenging Mars/Saturn contacts can demand skillful negotiation (Ptolemy, trans. Robbins, 1940; Lilly, 1647). Composite charts (midpoint method) and Davison charts (time-space midpoint) distill the relationship’s shared purpose and style: for instance, a composite Sun tightly conjunct the Descendant may foreground commitment, while a Davison Jupiter rising can signal optimism and growth (Hand, 1975; Davison, 1977).
Cross-references. Fixed-star conjunctions—like Regulus with the composite Ascendant—are read as accent marks of prominence or nobility if within a tight orb (Robson, 1923). Aspect patterns such as grand trines in composites can reflect ease, while T‑squares emphasize developmental tension requiring collaboration (Aspect Patterns). Timing techniques anchor narratives: transits of Saturn over composite angles often mark commitment tests; Jupiter transits may bring expansion; solar returns and profections can tag significant relationship years (Lilly, 1647; Ptolemy, trans. Robbins, 1940). Psychological and evolutionary approaches integrate archetypes and life purpose when, for example, the partner’s planet contacts the North Node or Vertex, suggesting meaningful encounters aligned with growth (Forrest, 2007; Greene, 1984).
Caveats. Examples are illustrative, not universal rules. Correlations require full-chart synthesis, including sect, planetary condition, orbs, and receptions. Scientific skepticism remains salient; controlled tests such as Carlson’s double-blind study questioned astrological accuracy, reminding practitioners to communicate ethically and avoid deterministic claims (Carlson, 1985). Nonetheless, within the symbolic paradigm, these indicators help structure inquiry into bonding, compatibility, and timing across traditions.
- Robert Hand, Planets in Composite (Hand, 1975)
- Ronald C. Davison, Synastry (Davison, 1977)
- Ptolemy, Tetrabiblos (trans. Robbins, 1940)
- William Lilly, Christian Astrology (Lilly, 1647)
- Vivian Robson, Fixed Stars (Robson, 1923)
- Liz Greene, The Astrology of Fate (Greene, 1984)
- Steven Forrest, Yesterday’s Sky (Forrest, 2007)
- Carlson, “A double-blind test of astrology,” Nature (1985)
4. Traditional Approaches
Historical methods. Hellenistic sources describe marriage and partnership through house rulers, receptions, and lots (parts). Ptolemy discusses assessing marriage by considering the condition of Venus and the Moon for women, Mars and the Sun for men (reflecting ancient gendered practice), plus rulers of the 7th and relevant lots (Ptolemy, trans. Robbins, 1940). Vettius Valens presents numerous examples of planetary condition, time lords, and lots for life topics, forming a foundation for relationship assessment (Valens, trans. Riley, 2010). Dorotheus outlines marital elections and considerations for union, contributing exaltation doctrine and practical aphorisms (Dorotheus, trans. Pingree, 1976).
Classical interpretations. Traditional dignity schemas—domicile, exaltation, detriment, fall—qualify how Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn behave in relationship judgments. For example, Venus in Pisces (exaltation) is classically supportive for union; Mars in Capricorn (exaltation) channels disciplined desire; Saturn in Libra (exaltation) promotes justice and balance in partnership (Ptolemy, trans. Robbins, 1940). Reception (mutual sign rulership/exaltation relations) acts as a mechanism of cooperation: if Mars is in Venus’ sign and Venus aspects Mars, the planets can “receive” each other, importing goodwill and facilitating outcomes—even when the aspect is difficult (Essential Dignities & Debilities; Lilly, 1647).
Traditional techniques. Relationship judgment proceeds by:
1) Identifying 7th-house rulers, their condition, and testimonies;
- Assessing Venus/Mars and the Moon/Sun according to sect and dignity;
- Examining receptions, aspects, and the Lot(s) of Marriage;
- Weighing benefic/malefic testimony and angularity;
- Integrating timing through profections and primary directions (Ptolemy, trans. Robbins, 1940; Lilly, 1647). Horary techniques explicitly answer relational questions via significators (querent/quesited), perfection of aspects, and considerations of collection or translation of light (Lilly, 1647). Medieval authors such as Abu Ma’shar expanded the philosophical and technical underpinnings, tying planetary condition and timing to broader predictive frameworks (Abu Ma’shar, trans. Burnett & Yamamoto, 1998).
Source citations.
- Ptolemy’s Tetrabiblos synthesizes earlier doctrine and remains primary for dignities, receptions, and house-based significations: https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Ptolemy/Tetrabiblos/home.html (Ptolemy, trans. Robbins, 1940).
- Dorotheus of Sidon’s Carmen Astrologicum, preserved through Arabic and Persian transmission, codifies many relationship aphorisms and elections (Dorotheus, trans. Pingree, 1976).
- Vettius Valens’ Anthology provides practical exempla, illuminating how planetary condition and time lords shape life topics: open-access translation (Valens, trans. Riley, 2010).
- William Lilly’s Christian Astrology, a cornerstone of Renaissance practice, details dignity scoring, receptions, horary relationship judgment, and timing: https://www.skyscript.co.uk/CA.html (Lilly, 1647).
- Abu Ma’shar’s Great Introduction (Brill editions) integrates medieval doctrine and timing techniques (Abu Ma’shar, trans. Burnett & Yamamoto, 1998).
Traditional cross-references. The rulership model links love indicators to sign/element frameworks:
- Fire signs (Aries, Leo, Sagittarius) privilege initiative and visibility; Earth signs (Taurus, Virgo, Capricorn) value practicality and security; Air signs (Gemini, Libra, Aquarius) emphasize sociability; Water signs (Cancer, Scorpio, Pisces) prioritize feeling and bonding (Zodiac Signs; Ptolemy, trans. Robbins, 1940).
- Aspect doctrine distinguishes benefic trines/sextiles from challenging squares/oppositions; conjunctions are condition-dependent (Aspects; Lilly, 1647).
- House strength: angular houses (1, 4, 7, 10) amplify effects; succedent and cadent reduce immediacy (Angularity & House Strength; Lilly, 1647).
- Fixed stars: Regulus (alpha Leonis) has regal connotations; close conjunctions to relational points can color the union with prominence motifs (Robson, 1923).
Traditional limits and synthesis. Classical texts emphasize character, circumstance, and fate more than modern psychology, but the interpretive scaffold—dignities, receptions, aspects, houses, lots—remains robust for assessing attraction and lasting potential. Practitioners today often combine these with modern tools (composite/Davison charts) while maintaining traditional caution: results derive from the total configuration, not a single indicator (Ptolemy, trans. Robbins, 1940; Lilly, 1647).
5. Modern Perspectives
Contemporary views. Twentieth-century astrologers reframed compatibility through psychological and archetypal lenses. Midpoint-derived composite charts visualize the “third entity” of the relationship; Robert Hand’s work systematized interpretation by emphasizing composite angles, Sun/Moon placement, and aspect networks (Hand, 1975). Ronald Davison introduced a time–space midpoint horoscope whose dynamics can be tracked by transits and progressions, offering complementary timing signals (Davison, 1977). Psychological schools inspired by Jung explore anima/animus, shadow, and projection patterns through Venus/Mars, Moon/Saturn, and Pluto aspects (Greene, 1984; Tarnas, 2006).
Current research and discourse. Archetypal studies map correlations between planetary cycles and thematic expressions in culture and biography (Tarnas, 2006). Although randomized trials such as Carlson’s double-blind study found no statistical support under its conditions (Carlson, 1985), astrologers argue that symbolic, qualitative inquiry and whole-chart synthesis resist reduction to single-variable tests. Ongoing dialogue encourages ethical framing—presenting indicators as potentials rather than deterministic proofs—to align practice with responsible counseling standards.
Modern applications. Practitioners integrate traditional condition (dignity, reception) with humanistic goals: relationship growth, communication, and consent. For example, Venus–Saturn contacts are reframed not merely as “restriction,” but as opportunities to build trust through boundaries and reliability, contingent on supportive receptions and benefic participation. Nodal interlinks are interpreted as vectors of shared meaning or growth edges; Vertex contacts can feel synchronous or fateful in psychological narratives (Forrest, 2007; Greene, 1984). Composite/Davison timing is paired with transits and secondary progressions to track milestones—meeting, commitment, reconciliation—while acknowledging individual variance (Hand, 1975; Davison, 1977).
Integrative approaches. Many astrologers now combine:
- Traditional scaffolding (house rulers, dignities, receptions),
- Psychological insight (attachment styles, projections), and
- Empirical observation (chart patterns across case histories).
This synthesis yields nuanced readings: a challenging Mars–Moon square in synastry might cause friction, yet mutual reception and Jupiter support could translate conflict into passionate collaboration, especially if angular strength is high and timing is favorable (Lilly, 1647; Hand, 1975). Fixed-star work, revived by modern research, remains a specialist add-on, used sparingly for close conjunctions to angles or luminaries (Robson, 1923).
Key references and links:
- Robert Hand, Planets in Composite (Hand, 1975).
- Ronald C. Davison, Synastry (Davison, 1977).
- Liz Greene, The Astrology of Fate (Greene, 1984).
- Richard Tarnas, Cosmos and Psyche (Tarnas, 2006).
- Carlson, “A double-blind test of astrology,” Nature (1985).
Modern practice thus reframes “soul mate indicators” as constellations of resonance—shared purpose (Sun/Moon), affectional fit (Moon/Venus), catalytic desire (Venus/Mars), growth structures (Jupiter/Saturn), and meaningful timing—rather than as proofs. The focus is on informed choice, communication, and agency within the chart’s symbolic parameters.
6. Practical Applications
Real-world uses. Practitioners start with natal foundations: each person’s relationship pattern—Venus/Mars style, Moon needs, Saturn boundaries, nodal trajectory—sets the stage for synastry. Then, chart-to-chart analysis targets:
- Major aspects among luminaries and personal planets;
- Saturn and Jupiter ties for durability and growth;
- House overlays to 1st/5th/7th/8th;
- Angles, nodes, Vertex;
- Planetary condition via dignities and receptions (Ptolemy, trans. Robbins, 1940; Lilly, 1647).
Implementation methods.
1) Synastry sweep: list all tight aspects (≤3° for luminaries/angles; ≤2° for others where precision matters) and note receptions/conditions.
2) House overlay grid: map partner planets into the other’s houses and annotate angular hits.
3) Composite/Davison build: inspect angles, Sun/Moon, chart ruler, and benefic/malefic configurations; note stellia and aspect patterns (Hand, 1975; Davison, 1977).
4) Timing: align transits/profections/progressions to synastry and composite/Davison angles for milestones (Lilly, 1647; Ptolemy, trans. Robbins, 1940).
Case studies (illustrative, not universal).
- Case A: Sun–Moon conjunction across charts with Saturn trine both luminaries; composite Jupiter on the Descendant. Pattern suggests bonding, shared purpose, and social support for commitment.
- Case B: Venus–Mars opposition in synastry with mutual reception; composite T‑square to Saturn. Magnetism is high; work needed to negotiate roles and timelines.
- Case C: Nodal/Vertex interlinks with benefic support; Davison Sun on the Ascendant. The union often feels meaningful and forward-facing.
Best practices.
- Contextualize indicators within whole-chart judgment; avoid single-factor conclusions.
- Weight angular hits and dignified planets; note receptions as mitigating bridges.
- Track transits to composite/Davison angles for event windows.
- For Vedic matching, include Guna points, Nadi, Bhakut, and Mangal Dosha with remedies where tradition permits (Ashta Koota, n.d.).
- For Chinese BaZi, review five-element balance and luck cycle synchrony (Four Pillars of Destiny, n.d.).
- Communicate ethically: indicators suggest potentials; individual agency and circumstances remain decisive (Carlson, 1985).
Cross-references for application include Aspects, Angularity & House Strength, Composite Chart, Davison Chart, Transits, Profections, Secondary Progressions, Lunar Nodes, and Fixed Stars & Stellar Astrology. This layered, technique-focused workflow aligns traditional rigor with modern clarity, rendering “soul mate indicators” as actionable, testable patterns inside a holistic interpretive frame (Ptolemy, trans. Robbins, 1940; Lilly, 1647; Hand, 1975; Davison, 1977).
7. Advanced Techniques
Specialized methods.
- Reception mapping: Identify mutual receptions between Venus/Mars, Moon/Saturn, or Sun/Moon across charts to gauge cooperative “bridges” that can convert difficult aspects into workable bonds (Lilly, 1647).
- Almuten of relationship: Evaluate which planet holds the most dignity over the 7th-house cusp, Venus, and relevant lots; treat that planet as a key “custodian” (Lilly, 1647; Ptolemy, trans. Robbins, 1940).
- Time-lord integration: Use annual profections to highlight the house and ruler activated for each partner; check transits to those rulers and to composite/Davison angles for synchronized windows (Ptolemy, trans. Robbins, 1940).
Advanced concepts.
- Dignities & debilities: A dignified Saturn in synastry can stabilize; a debilitated Saturn may burden. Dignified Venus tends toward generosity; debilitated Venus may signal mismatched values (Ptolemy, trans. Robbins, 1940).
- Aspect patterns: Kite or grand trine patterns in composite charts can “lift” the relationship; T‑squares drive growth through a focal planet; yods mark specialized adjustments (Hand, 1975).
- House placements: Composite 1st/7th emphasis foregrounds partnership identity; 10th-house stellia amplify public visibility or shared mission; 8th-house focus intensifies intimacy and shared resources (Hand, 1975).
Expert applications.
- Combust and retrograde: In synastry, a partner’s combust planet on one’s angle can feel overpowering; retrogrades suggest revisitations or nonlinear pacing; weigh condition and reception (Lilly, 1647).
- Fixed stars: Close conjunctions (≤1°) of Regulus, Spica, or Fomalhaut to composite angles or luminaries can color the union with prominence, grace, or vision; treat as accent marks, not primary determinants (Robson, 1923).
- Parallel/contra-parallel: Declination aspects can replicate conjunction/opposition themes; confirm if longitude aspects are absent (Parallels & Contra-Parallels).
Complex scenarios.
- Mixed indicators: Strong Venus–Mars with heavy Saturn squares require explicit agreements and pacing; dignified receptions improve prognosis.
- Cross-tradition synthesis: Blend Western synastry/composite with Vedic Guna scores and Mangal Dosha, and BaZi five-element harmonics to triangulate strengths and stressors (Ashta Koota, n.d.; Four Pillars of Destiny, n.d.).
These advanced layers refine the reading while honoring the core rule: multiple converging testimonies—across systems—are more persuasive than any single “soul mate” signature.
8. Conclusion
Summary and synthesis. Across cultures and eras, astrologers have sought signatures of deep bonding—patterns of resonance that suggest attraction, commitment, and mutual growth. Traditional foundations (rulerships, dignities, receptions, lots, house rulers) provide a rigorous scaffold, while modern tools (synastry plus composite/Davison) offer clear visualization of the relationship’s “third entity” and its timing (Ptolemy, trans. Robbins, 1940; Lilly, 1647; Hand, 1975; Davison, 1977). Vedic Guna Milan and Mangal Dosha, and Chinese BaZi, extend analysis through alternative cosmologies of compatibility (Ashta Koota, n.d.; Four Pillars of Destiny, n.d.). Fixed stars function as subtle accents for close conjunctions (Robson, 1923).
Key takeaways.
- Indicators are meaningful as converging testimonies—luminary/angle links, Venus–Mars magnetism, Saturn/Jupiter scaffolding, nodal or Vertex contact—within whole-chart context.
- Planetary condition, receptions, and angularity often decide whether challenging aspects become resilient bonds or points of friction.
- Ethical framing matters: indicators describe potentials, not destinies (Carlson, 1985).
Further study. Readers may explore Essential Dignities & Debilities, Aspects & Configurations, Composite Chart, Davison Chart, Transits, Profections, Secondary Progressions, Lunar Nodes, Fixed Stars & Stellar Astrology, Vedic Nakshatras (Vedic Lunar Mansions), and Chinese Five Elements resources for depth. Classic sources such as Tetrabiblos and Christian Astrology anchor technique; modern texts by Hand, Davison, Greene, and Tarnas expand interpretive nuance.
Graph integration and topic evolution. Within a knowledge graph, this topic links densely to rulerships, aspects, angular houses, and fixed stars; in topic models it clusters with “Synastry & Composite Techniques” and “Planetary Dignities.” As the field evolves, cross-tradition synthesis and careful outcome tracking will continue refining how astrologers understand and responsibly apply soul mate indicators.
External sources cited in-text: Ptolemy, Tetrabiblos (trans. Robbins, 1940); Dorotheus (trans. Pingree, 1976); Valens (trans. Riley, 2010); Abu Ma’shar (trans. Burnett & Yamamoto, 1998); Lilly (1647); Hand (1975); Davison (1977); Robson (1923); Greene (1984); Forrest (2007); Tarnas (2006); Carlson (1985).